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Table 1
Prescriptive rules inside al-Radd
| Chapter | Prescriptive rules | Grammarian/ grammatical trend with explicit reference inside al-radd | Grammarian /grammatical trend with no reference inside al-radd | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanāzuʿ (p. 94-102) | Behavior of mono-transitive verbs: the shared constituent establishes a link with the second verb. | Baṣra | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 79 Suyūṭī, Hamʿ, III, p. 94 |
|
| Status of the subject pronoun contained in the first verb and referring to the shared constituent: it is deleted (maḥḏūf) from the sentence. | al-Kisāʾī | Sīrāfī, Šarḥ, I, p. 362 Suyūṭī, Hamʿ, III, p. 96 |
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| Behavior of di- and tri-transtive verbs: one cannot extend to them the status of mono-transitive verbs since there is no supporting example in the speech of the Arabs. Hence, their inclusion inside this chapter is not permissible. | al-Ǧarmī | Sīrāfī, Šarḥ, I, p. 361 Suyūṭī, Hamʿ, III, p. 100 |
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| Behavior of verbs of wonder: it is possible to extend to them the status of mono-transitive verbs. | Baṣra | Suyūṭī, Hamʿ, III, p. 99 | ||
| Behavior of ḥabbaḏā “how lovely it would be”, niʿma “what a perfect …”, biʾsa “what an evil …” and ʿasā “it might be”: one cannot extend to them the status of mono-transitive verbs. | Baṣra | Suyūṭī, Hamʿ, III, p. 99 | ||
| In expressions of wonder, the term ʾaḥsana is a noun, not a verb. | Kūfa | Ibn al-ʾAnbārī, ʾInṣāf, p. 105 | ||
| Behavior of kāna and its sisters in case of tanāzuʿ: the analogical reasoning can be extended to the verb kāna only, not to its sisters. | (Ibn Madāʾ) | |||
| Ištiġāl (p. 103-122) | Affirmative sentences: the object moved to the sentence initial position preferably exhibits the nominative case. The accusative is, however, permissible. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 82-83 | |
| Negative sentences: the object moved to the sentence initial position preferably exhibits the accusative case. The nominative is, however, permissible. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 145 | ||
| Hypothetical sentences: the object moved to the sentence initial position preferably exhibits the accusative case. The nominative is, however, permissible. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 134 | ||
| Imperative sentences: the object moved to the sentence initial position preferably exhibits the accusative case. The nominative is, however, permissible. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 137 | ||
| Prohibitive sentences: the object moved to the sentence initial position preferably exhibits the accusative case. The nominative is, however, permissible. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 137 | ||
| Interrogative sentences: the object moved to the sentence initial position preferably exhibits the accusative case. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 101-102 | ||
| Expressions of incitement: the object moved to the sentence initial position can only exhibit the accusative case. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 98 | ||
| Expressions of wonder: the object moved to the sentence initial position can only exhibit the nominative case. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 72-73 Ibn Mālik, Šarḥ al-Tashīl, II, p. 137 |
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| Linguistic analysis of the Qurʾanic verses al-sāriqu wa-l-sāriqatu […] and al-zāniyatu wa-l-zānī […] (Kor 5, 38): the terms at the sentence initial position function as inchoatives and the following verbs are their predicates. | al-Farrāʾ/al-Mubarrad (d. 285/898) | Sīrāfī, Šarḥ, I, p. 499 | ||
| Two questions of al-ʾAḫfaš al- ʾAwsaṭ (d. 215/830): the object moved to the sentence initial position can agree in the grammatical case with the dependent or the independent pronoun. | (Ibn Madāʾ) | |||
| In the sentence ʾa-ʾanta ʿAbdu Allāhi ḍarabta-hu, the term ʿAbdu Allāhi preferably exhibits the nominative case. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 104 | ||
| In sentences like ḍarabtu Zaydan wa-ʿAmran ʾakramtu-hu, the term ʿAmr preferably exhibits the accusative case. The nominative is, however, permissible. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 88-89 | ||
| In sentences like Zaydan ʾakramtu-hu wa-ʿAbda Allāhi laqītu-hu, the term ʿAbda Allāhi can exhibit both the nominative and the accusative case. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, I, p. 91 | ||
| In sentences like Zaydan ʾakramtu-hu wa-ʿAbda Allāhi laqītu-hu, one cannot coordinate the term ʿAbda Allāhi to the verbal sentence ʾakramtu-hu. | al-ʾAḫfaš /al-Mubarrad | Ibn Wallād, Intiṣār, p. 61 Sīrāfī, Šarḥ, I, p. 390 |
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| The particles fa- and wa- (p. 123-129) |
The verb after the particle fāʾ is in the subjunctive mood whenever it expresses a resulting clause of a preceding utterance conveying not the value of a statement. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, III, p. 28-38 | |
| The verb after the particle wa- is in the subjunctive mood whenever this latter conveys the meaning of maʿa and is not preceded by a statement. | Sībawayhi | Sībawayhi, Kitāb, III, p. 41-46 |