Numéro |
HEL
Volume 39, Numéro 1, 2017
Les langues en danger : un observatoire pertinent pour les théories linguistiques ?
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Page(s) | 155 - 176 | |
Section | Varia | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/hel/2017390108 | |
Publié en ligne | 11 juillet 2017 |
First codification of Vietnamese by 17th-century missionaries: the description of tones and the influence of Portuguese on Vietnamese orthography*
Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Vila Real)
We analyse the importance of the generation of Jesuit pioneer missionaries at the service of the Portuguese Patronage for the implementation of quốc ngữ [national language] in present-day Vietnam and the linguistic description of the tonology of Annamese or Tonkinese (former names of Vietnamese). We analyse, in particular, the manuscript Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem (ca. 1745 [ante 1623]) by Francisco de Pina, S.J. (1585/1586–1625), and the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum and the grammatical treatise Linguae Annamiticae seu Tunchinensis Brevis Declaratio (Rome 1651) by Alexandre de Rhodes, S.J. (1593–1660). We corroborate that Pina was indeed the first to use the Romanization system of Tonkinese, and we establish that he was also the first to describe its six tones in detail. Rhodes expanded Pina’s knowledge, which is particularly explicit in the description of Tonkinese tonology. We also explain that Rhodes used lost manuscript dictionaries written by Gaspar do Amaral, S.J. (1594–1646) and António Barbosa, S.J. (1594–1647), which is evident mainly in the use of the “Portuguese” digraph <nh> to represent the phoneme /ɲ/.
Résumé
Nous analysons l’importance de la génération des missionnaires jésuites pionniers au service du patronage portugais dans l’implémentation du quốc ngữ [langue nationale] dans l’actuel Vietnam et la description linguistique de la tonologie de la langue annamite ou tonkinoise (anciens noms du vietnamien). Nous étudions, en particulier, le manuscrit Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem (ca. 1745 [avant 1623]) de Francisco de Pina, S.J. (1585 / 1586-1625), et le Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum et le traité grammatical Annamiticae seu Tunchinensis Brevis Declaratio (Rome 1651) de Alexandre de Rhodes, S.J. (1593-1660). Nous affirmons que Pina fut, en effet, le premier à utiliser le système de romanisation du Tonkinois, et nous confirmons qu’il fut aussi le premier à décrire en détail ses six tons. Rhodes a approfondi le savoir de Pina, qui est particulièrement explicite dans la description de la tonologie tonkinoise. Nous démontrons aussi que Rhodes a utilisé les dictionnaires manuscrits disparus de Gaspar do Amaral, S.J. (1594-1646) et António Barbosa, S.J. (1594-1647), qui sont d’une importance capitale dans l’utilisation de l’archigraphème « portugais » <nh> pour représenter le phonème /ɲ/.
Key words: history of linguistics / missionary linguistics / Vietnamese / Annamese / Tonkinese / Quốc ngữ
Mots clés : histoire de la linguistique / linguistique missionnaire / vietnamien / annamite / tonkinois / quốc ngữ
We’d like to dedicate this paper to Prof. Roland Jacques for his contributions to the historical studies on the relationships between Vietnam and the missionaries from the Portuguese Patronage. We’d also like to gratefully acknowledge the help of Dr. Nguyễn Vũ Thu Hà (Khoa Bồ Đào Nha of Đại học Hà Nội) for her improvements on the description of Vietnamese tones, and the editorial board and the anonymous referees whose stimulating comments and recommendations we have tried to implement in the final version of this paper.
© SHESL/EDP Sciences, 2017